[Mabs] National Convention 2006 -- 40 Days Remaining

[Joe Orozco]

>From the Texas Historical Commission:

Flags Over Texas

Six flags have flown over Texas: Spain, France, United Mexican States, 
Confederate States of America, the Republic of Texas and the United States 
of America,
with eight changes of government:

Table with 2 columns and 16 rows

Country or Government

Dates

Spanish

1519-1685



French

1685-1690



Spanish

1690-1821



Mexican

1821-1836



Republic of Texas

1836-1845



United States

1845-1861



Confederate States

1861-1865



United States

1865-present
table end

Natural and Man-made Wonders

The tidewater coastline of Texas stretches 624 miles along the Gulf of 
Mexico and contains more than 600 historic shipwrecks.

The tallest point in Texas is Guadalupe Peak at 8,751 feet.

The Capitol in Austin, built of Texas pink granite, opened May 16, 1888. The 
dome of the Capitol stands seven feet higher than that of the nation's 
Capitol
in Washington, D.C.

The Governor's Mansion, built in 1856, is the oldest remaining public 
building in downtown Austin.

The largest body of water completely within the boundaries of Texas is Sam 
Rayburn Reservoir in East Texas, which covers 113,400 acres.

Texas has four national forests (Angelina, Davy Crockett, Sabine and Sam 
Houston), two national parks (Big Bend and Guadalupe Mountains), one 
national seashore
(Padre Island), one national preserve (the Big Thicket), two national 
recreation areas (Amistad and Lake Meredith) and one national monument 
(Alibates
Flint Quarries).

With more than 267,000 square miles, Texas is as large as all of New 
England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Illinois combined.

Archeology Fun Facts

The Spanish explorers and missionaries, who were the first Europeans to 
enter Texas, often adopted Texas Indian names for rivers and other natural 
features.
The Spaniards translated the place names into Spanish, and many of the 
Indian origins for place-names have been lost. See our selection of
Texas place-names derived from Indian languages
as well as names that are associated with Indians or their activities.

. Native Americans did not use the bow and arrow until about 1,500 years 
ago - earlier hunters used spears.

. The horse was introduced to American Indians by the Spaniards after 1500.

. Bison (or American buffalo) were hunted by Native Americans on foot long 
before the horse was introduced into the New World.

. The Karankawa of the Texas coast spoke a language related to Indian 
languages of the Caribbean region.

. Prehistoric tribes in Texas traded for turquoise and obsidian from New 
Mexico, shell from the Pacific and Atlantic coasts and exotic stone from as 
far
away as Minnesota.

. A stone quarry in Texas was used for millennia by inhabitants of the 
southern Great Plains and is now a national monument - Alibates National 
Monument
- in the Amarillo area.
buffalo pictograph

. In addition to projectile points (stone points for arrows and spears), 
Native Americans used stone, bone and shell for knives, drills, axes, awls, 
hoes
and grinding implements.

. Prehistoric people in Texas used plant fibers to make baskets, mats, 
sandals and other useful objects. Well-preserved woven sandals have been 
found by
archeologists in the dry rock shelters of southwestern Texas.

. Some of the most impressive prehistoric rock art in North America is found 
in Texas - visitors can see excellent examples at Hueco Tanks and Seminole
Canyon State Historic Sites.

. Not all Native Americans lived in tipis. Many villagers lived in thatched 
or adobe houses, and many nomadic groups lived in brush- or hide-covered 
shelters
or rock shelters.

. Corn has been cultivated in Texas for at least 2,000 years. Beans and 
squash were other staple foods of the early Texas agriculturalists.

. The accounts of early explorers help archeologists understand many sites. 
Much that we know about the historic tribes of southern Texas comes from the
accounts of Cabeza de Vaca, who was shipwrecked on the Texas coast and 
traveled through southern Texas and northern Mexico for eight years, from 
1528 until
1536.

. The first black explorer in Texas was Esteban, a Moor who traveled with 
Cabeza de Vaca.
monkey pictograph

. The Tigua tribe came to the El Paso area from New Mexico in the 1680s, and 
some of their fields have been in continuous cultivation since that time.

. The Alamo is a Spanish mission and was the first mission established in 
San Antonio, in 1718.

. The first ranches in Texas were the 18th-century Spanish mission ranches 
along the San Antonio River, where mission Indians tended the livestock.

. As many as 90 percent of the recorded archeological sites in some areas of 
Texas have been damaged or destroyed.

Early Inhabitants of Texas

About 10,000 B.C., the first Indians arrived in Texas. These ancient peoples 
are called Paleo-Indians. They hunted mammoths and giant bison and other 
animals
that later became extinct.

After 6,000 B.C., Indian lifeways changed, and archeologists call the time 
in Texas from then to about A.D. 500 the Archaic Period. During this period 
Indians
painted beautiful murals depicting human scenes and religious ceremonies on 
cave walls in dry areas of West Texas.

The years from A.D. 500 to A.D. 1500 are called the Late Prehistoric Period. 
Agricultural Indians domesticated some of our principal crops, including 
cotton,
corn, beans, squash, tomatoes and potatoes. Burial and temple mounds of 
these early farmers can be found in the piney woods of East Texas.